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Organization Development, according to Richard Beckhard, is defined as:
According to Warren Bennis, organization development (OD) is a complex strategy intended to change the beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure of organizations so that they can better adapt to new technologies, markets, and challenges. Warner Burke emphasizes that OD is not just "anything done to better an organization"; it is a particular kind of change process designed to bring about a particular kind of end result. OD involves organizational reflection, system improvement, planning, and self-analysis. The term "Organization Development" is often used interchangeably with Organizational effectiveness, especially when used as the name of a department or a part of the Human Resources function within an organization.
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A Profession is an occupation that requires extensive training and the study and mastery of specialized knowledge, and usually has a professional association, ethical code and process of certification or licensing. Examples are accounting, law, teaching, architecture, nursing, medicine, finance, the military, the clergy and engineering. Classically, there were only three professions: ministry, medicine, and law. These three professions each hold to a specific code of ethics, and members are almost universally required to swear some form of oath to uphold those ethics, therefore "professing" to a higher standard of accountability. Each of these professions also provides and requires extensive training in the meaning, value, and importance of its particular oath in the practice of that profession. |
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Sociologists have been known to define professionalism as self-defined power elitism or as organised exclusivity along guild lines, much in the sense that George Bernard Shaw characterised all professions as "conspiracies against the laity". Sociological definitions of professionalism involving checklists of perceived or claimed characteristics (altruism, self-governance, esoteric knowledge, special skills, ethical behavior, etc.) became less fashionable in the late 20th century.
A member of a profession is termed a professional. However, professional is also used for the acceptance of payment for an activity, in contrast to amateur. A professional sportsperson, for example, is one who receives payment for participating in sport, but sport is not generally considered a profession.
- List of occupations
- Professional development
- Professional class
- License
- Regulation
- Ethical code
- Professional responsibility
- New Zealand Teachers Council Code of Ethics [http://www.teacherscouncil.govt.nz/pdf/codeofethics.pdf
- New Zealand Post-Primary Teachers association response to the NZ Teachers Council Code of Ethics [1]
- National Education Association (USA) Code of Ethics [2]
- American Librarians Association (USA) [3]
- Association for Computing Machinery (USA) [4]
- Society of Professional Journalists [5]
- American Psychological Association (USA) [6]
- National Association of Realtors [7]
- UK Landscape Institute [8]
- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers [9]
- American Anthropological Association (USA) [10]
- National Society of Professional Engineers [11]
- Radio and Television News Directors Association [12]
Professional Development refers to vocational education with specific reference to continuing education of the person undertaking it in the area of employment, it may also provide opportunities for other career paths.
Vocational education has been related to specific skills, usually tied to immediency of getting or retaining employment. Professional development has been as moving beyond that.
Generic professional development may be oriented to generic life skills or general personal coaching. Professional Development also involves development of process skills, sometimes referred to as leadership skills, as well as task skills. Some examples for process skills are 'effectiveness skills', 'team functioning skills', and 'systems thinking skills'. Some of the task skills are mentioned below.
More specifically professional development encompasses the developing of skills relevant to the one's current occupation, for example, leadership training for managers and training for specific techniques or equipment for technicians, metal workers, medical practitioners and engineers.
For many occupations there is a provision for accreditation tied to "continuing professional education" and proving competence.
In the USA, many states have professional development requirements for school teachers (preK-grade 12). For example, in New Jersey, state regulations mandate that all active teachers and educational services personnel in New Jersey complete 100 hours of professional development every five years, consistent with the New Jersey Professional Development Standards.
See also
For More Information
In education, Teachers are those who help students or pupils learn, often in a school. The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. The different ways to teach are often referred to as the teacher's pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use, a teacher will need to consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. Teaching can also be mixed with entertainment. When the term education is combined with entertainment, the term edutainment is coined. Edutainment also called 'e-learning' are new methods and practices that enabled learning in faster, more efficient and more entertaining ways. The idea is usually to combine games with learning, using software or interactive courses. There are also blogs [1] on edutainment that keep up with the latest news and updates on software, videos, and lessons that use edutainment as a basis for teaching in a more efficient and faster way [2].
Qualification and registration
Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) is required in England and Wales to become, and continue being, a teacher in the state and special education sectors. Similar statuses exist in the rest of the United Kingdom (Scotland and Northern Ireland), but under different names.
Continuing Education may refer to one of two types of education. The first is a type of post-secondary education in a general sense, often for its own sake rather than being designed for a particular degree or certification. The second type is education required in a licensed profession in order for the professional to maintain the license. Continuing education generally Continuing education for professionals Method and format of continuing education
Vocational Education has been related to specific skills, usually tied to immediency of getting or retaining employment. Professional development has been as moving beyond that.
Generic professional development may be oriented to generic life skills or general personal coaching. Professional Development also involves development of process skills, sometimes referred to as leadership skills, as well as task skills. Some examples for process skills are 'effectiveness skills', 'team functioning skills', and 'systems thinking skills'. Some of the task skills are mentioned below.
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More specifically professional development encompasses the developing of skills relevant to the one's current occupation, for example, leadership training for managers and training for specific techniques or equipment for technicians, metal workers, medical practitioners and engineers. For many occupations there is a provision for accreditation tied to "continuing professional education" and proving competence. In the USA, many states have professional development requirements for school teachers (preK-grade 12). For example, in New Jersey, state regulations mandate that all active teachers and educational services personnel in New Jersey complete 100 hours of professional development every five years, consistent with the New Jersey Professional Development Standards.
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Vocational Education (or Vocational Education and Training (VET) - now called Career and Technical Education (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation, hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as technical education, as the learner directly specialises in a particular narrow technique of using technology. Generally, vocation and career are used interchangeably. Vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge, characteristic of tertiary education.Vocational education is in most cases a form of secondary or post-secondary education. In some cases, vocational education can contribute towards a tertiary education at a university as academic credit however, it is rarely considered in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of a higher education.
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Up until the end of the twentieth century, vocational education focused on specific trades such as for example, an automobile mechanic or welder, and was therefore associated with the activities of lower social classes. As a consequence, it attracted a level of stigma. Vocational education is related to the age-old apprenticeship system of learning. However, as the labour market becomes more specialised and economies are demanding more skills, governments and businesses are increasingly investing in the future of vocational education through publicly funded training organisations and subsidised apprenticeship or traineeship initiatives for businesses. At the post-secondary level vocational education is typically provided by an institute of technology, or by a local community college. |
Vocational education has diversified over the 20th century and now exists in industries such as retail, tourism, information technology, funeral services and cosmetics, as well as in the traditional crafts and cottage industries.
- Vocational school
- Vocational university
- Family and consumer science
- Finishing school
- Institute of technology
- Technical and Further Education (Australia)
- Training
- IEK: Vocational education schools in Greece.
- Vocational Guidance
- Vocational School Examples
- ERIC Articles
- National and International organisations and agencies
- Reports
Apprenticeship which is still popular in some countries, is a system of training a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners. Apprentices (or in early modern usage "prentices") build their careers from apprenticeships. Most of their training is done on the job while working for an employer who helps the apprentices learn their trade. Often some informal, theoretical education is also involved.
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1. The National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee for the Electrical Industry 2. Facts about Germany: Apprenticeships, Federal Foreign Office 3. Apprenticeships - a great idea (UK) 4. UK Apprenticeships, on "Edexcel" site 6. Article on the history of apprenticeship in the U.S. from EH.NET 7. Barry Yeoman, Academic Apprentices: Still an Ideal?, Duke Magazine 8. Program to help newly licensed real estate agents succeed - The ReaL Estate Apprentice Foundation [4] |
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A Vocational University, (or Professional university or University of applied sciences or University of Applied Arts or College of Higher Vocational Studies, etc.), is an institution of higher education and sometime research, which provides both tertiary and sometime quaternary education and grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and sometime doctorate) in a variety of subjects. (More precisely a vocational university grants Professional degrees like Professional Bachelor's degree, Professional Master's degree and Professional doctorates).
The education which takes place at vocational universities combines teaching of both practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge. This has to do with the fact, that in the Middle Ages, an educational institution was called a (medieval) university only if a certain classical canon of subjects was taught (including, of course, philosophy, medicine and theology). In modern times, other subjects, namely natural and engineering sciences became more important — but still, institutions of tertiary education focusing on these and not offering the classical canon were denied the prestigious denomination "university", so they had to use the general word (High School in English) Hochschule in German Haute Ecole in French (Belgium and Switzerland), Hogeschool in Dutch, Högskola in Swedish, etc.
There exist vocational universities of applied sciences (also named polytechnics or institute of technology), vocational universities of liberal arts, etc. In recent years many vocational universities get full university statut, like the University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna, Austria (Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, formely Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Wien), the Örebro University, Sweden (formely Örebro Högskola), etc. There is also some establishments like institutes of technology wich have full university statut but continue to use there former name, like the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden.
Vocational universities by country
- Belgium
- French part
- Dutch part
- China
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Switzerland
- French part
- German part
- Germany
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- USA
- Sweden
- Ammattikorkeakoulu
- University
- University of liberal arts and sciences
- Higher education
- Community college
- Liberal arts university
- Liberal arts college
- Technical college
- College
- Professional degree
- List of universities in Sweden#University or University College.3F
- Dual education system
- Vocational education
- Higher vocational education
- Institute of technology
- [1] List of vocational universities. PDF
- [2] Higher Vocational Education in Switzerland
- [3] Higher Vocational Education in China1
- [4] Higher Vocational Education in China 2
- [5] Higher Vocational Education in Czech Republic
- [6] Higher Vocational Education in Russia
- [7] The Copenhagen Process
Resources
