Contents
Management Class for Learners is a free self-directed study support resource along with Chat Lines, Discussion Forums and Wikis and Learner Support units, designed for business, management, IT, English Language, and Research students and instructors intending to enhance their managerial or professional knowledge, understanding, skills and competence by open learning.
Apart from the web-based learning material, such as our adapted versions Wikipedia, on 'public domain' - used for a seamless integration of the modules to a Business or Management curriculum, we have also found other web sources and our own or the material created or 'acquired' from our colleagues.
Whilst we unable to accept any responsibility for the accuracy, views or opinions expressed in any of the third party material featured on our sites, please feel free to use it, and let us know if you do not find what you need or have any problems in accessing any of the relevant links on our pages.
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For further details on all our web-based resources go here.
Internet Systems Development
Rationale
A web page or webpage is a document or information resource that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a monitor or mobile device. This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may provide navigation to other webpages via hypertext links.
Webpages may be retrieved from a local computer or from a remote web server. The web server may restrict access only to a private network, e.g. a corporate intranet, or it may publish pages on the World Wide Web. Webpages are requested and served from web servers using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Webpages may consist of files of static text and other content stored within the web server's file system (static webpages), or may be constructed by server-side software when they are requested (dynamic webpages). Client-side scripting can make webpages more responsive to user input once on the client browser.
- Color, typography, illustration, and interaction
- Browsers
- Elements
- Rendering
- URL
- Viewing
- Creation
- Saving
- Dead link
- Domain name
- Guestbook
- Homepage
- Linked data page
- SEO Copywriting
- Web document
- Web design
- Website
- References
An Internet Operating System may be defined as software containing sets of procedures and functions that provide the framework for the implementation and operation of high-level Internet-based applications in a uniform manner. When a web platform includes functions pertinent to Internet media including wireless cards and other devices as well as web pages, then the more general term of an Internet operating system becomes appropriate.
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Online Shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet. An online shop, e-shop, e-store, internet shop, webshop or online store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall. It is an electronic commerce application used for business-to-business electronic commerce (B2B) or business-to-consumer electronic commerce (B2C). Online shopping is popular mainly because of its speed and ease of use. Some issues of concern can include fluctuating exchange rates for foreign currencies, local and international laws and delivery methods.
Today's Videos
- Connect with us on http://www.youtube.com/finntrack
- Google's Playlists
Teaching and Learning Resources
HTML Part 1
- Introduction to HTML
- Getting started with HTML
- Advanced HTML
- XForms - The Next Generation of Web Forms
HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. A markup language is a set of markup tags, and HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages.
HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets (like <html>) within the web page content. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).
The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.
HTML is the building blocks of all basic websites. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML webpages. HTML can also be used to include Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both HTML and CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational markup.[1] |
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- Breadcrumb (navigation)
- HTML decimal character rendering
- HTML element
- HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide (Fifth Edition) (book)
- JHTML
- XHTML
- List of document markup languages
- Microformat
- The HTML Sourcebook: The Complete Guide to HTML (historical reference from 1995)
- References
- HTML 4.01, the most recent finished specification (1999)
- HTML 5, the upcoming version of HTML
- Dave Raggett's Introduction to HTML
- Empty elements in SGML, HTML, XML and XHTML
Tutorials
Web Protocols, Servers and Infrastructure
Tutorials
Readings
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
The standards development of HTTP has been coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium, culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use.
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- Basic access authentication
- Content negotiation
- Curl-loader - HTTP/S loading/testing open-source SW
- Digest access authentication
- HTTP compression
- HTTP-MPLEX
- HTTP(P2P)
- Hxxp
- List of file transfer protocols
- List of HTTP headers
- List of HTTP status codes
- Representational State Transfer (REST)
- SPDY - A HTTP replacement proposed by Google.
- Waka (protocol) - A HTTP replacement proposed by Roy Fielding.
- Web cache
- WebDAV
- References
- Further reading
"Change History for HTTP". W3.org. http://www.w3.org/Protocols/History.html. Retrieved 2010-08-01. A detailed technical history of HTTP.
"Design Issues for HTTP". W3.org. http://www.w3.org/Protocols/DesignIssues.html. Retrieved 2010-08-01. Design Issues by Berners-Lee when he was designing the protocol.
"Classic HTTP Documents". W3.org. 1998-05-14. http://www.w3.org/Protocols/Classic.html. Retrieved 2010-08-01. list of other classic documents recounting the early protocol history
Bulkcheck HTTP-Headers from different URLs simultaneously
Watch HTTP Client/Server Request/Responses
A web server is a computer program that delivers (serves) content, such as web pages, using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over the World Wide Web. The term web server can also refer to the computer or virtual machine running the program.
In large commercial deployments, a server computer running a web server can be rack-mounted with other servers to operate a web farm.
- Overview
- History of web servers
- Common features
- Path translation
- Load limits
- Kernel-mode and user-mode Web servers
- Market structure
- Application server
- Comparison of web server software
- Comparison of lightweight web servers
- HTTP compression
- Open source web application
- SSI, CGI, SCGI, FastCGI, PHP, Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, ASP, ASP .NET, Server API
- Virtual hosting
- Web hosting service
- Web service
- References
- World Web Server Usage Statistics
- RFC 2616, the Request for Comments document that defines the HTTP 1.1 protocol.
- C64WEB.COM — Commodore 64 running as a Web server using Contiki
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Web
Protocols and Practice Check the availability and buy your books and software from our Bookshop. |
Design Issues
Tutorials
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Readings
Web design is the practice of creating presentations of content (usually hypertext or hypermedia) that are delivered to an end-user through the World Wide Web, using a Web browser or other Web-enabled software . The intent of web design is to create a website—a collection of electronic documents and applications that reside on a Web server/servers. The website may include text, images, sounds and other content, and may be interactive.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design). CSS can also allow the same markup page to be presented in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based browser or screen reader) and on Braille-based, tactile devices. While the author of a document typically links that document to a CSS style sheet, readers can use a different style sheet, perhaps one on their own computer, to override the one the author has specified.
CSS specifies a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities or weights are calculated and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable.
The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998).
CSS home page at W3C - Includes links to the CSS specifications.
CSS at the Open Directory Project
Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web Chapter 20 of the book Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web, by Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos (2nd edition, 1999, Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-59625-3) - provides a light history of CSS.
Firebug, A Mozilla Firefox plug-in to inspect and visually manipulate CSS, javascript and Ajax applications.
HTML Part 2
Tutorials
- XHTML and XForms
- XHTML2 & XForms
- XHTML2: Accessible, Usable, Device Independent and Semantic
- Creating table on a web site
- Creating Web Pages With PowerPoint
- XML Programming Tutorial
- Web Editors and Software
Readings
XHTML (eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) is a family of XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which web pages are written.
While HTML (prior to HTML5) was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a very flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. Because XHTML documents need to be well-formed, they can be parsed using standard XML parsers—unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser.
XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Recommendation on January 26, 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on May 31, 2001. XHTML5 is undergoing development as of September 2009, as part of the HTML5 specification.
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- W3C's Markup Home Page
- XHTML 1.0 Recommendation
- XHTML 1.1 Recommendation
- XHTML 1.1 Second Edition Working Draft
- XHTML 2.0 Working Draft
- XHTML Basic
- XHTML 1.0 Strict / 1.1 Online Reference
- An Overview of Mobile Versions of XHTML
Links dealing with the MIME type of XHTML documents:
Sending XHTML as text/html Considered Harmful
Serving up XHTML with the correct MIME type
The Road to XHTML 2.0: MIME Types - Mark Pilgrim (3/19/2003). Includes examples for conditionally serving application/xhtml+xml using PHP, Python, and Apache (mod rewrite).
Mozilla Web Author FAQ: How is the treatment of application/xhtml+xml documents different from the treatment of text/html documents? - summarizes one web browser's XHTML processing mode
Empty elements in SGML, HTML, XML, and XHTML
Heptagrama's Basic XHTML 1.0 Strict Tutorial
HTML to XHTML conversion library for .NET
Java and ActiveX
Tutorials
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Readings
Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented language that is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere". Java is currently one of the most popular programming languages in use, and is widely used from application software to web applications.[9][10]
The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were developed by Sun from 1995. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java, GNU Classpath, and Dalvik.
- History
- Practices
- Syntax
- Examples
- Special classes
- Critical analysis
- Class libraries
- Documentation
- Editions
- Java: Java for End-users
- Oracle: Developer Resources for Java Technology.
- Chamber of Chartered Java Professionals International: Professionalism for Java Technology.
- Sun Microsystems: Java Language Specification 3rd Edition.
- Java SE 6 API Javadocs
- A Brief History of the Green Project
- Michael O'Connell: Java: The Inside Story, SunWord, July 1995.
- Patrick Naughton: Java Was Strongly Influenced by Objective-C (no date).
- David Bank: The Java Saga, Wired Issue 3.12 (December 1995).
- Shahrooz Feizabadi: A history of Java in: Marc Abrams, ed., World Wide Web – Beyond the Basics, Prentice Hall, 1998.
- Patrick Naughton: The Long Strange Trip to Java, March 18, 1996.
- Open University (UK): M254 Java Everywhere (free open content documents).
- is-research GmbH: List of programming languages for a Java Virtual Machine.
- How Java's Floating-Point Hurts Everyone Everywhere, by W. Kahan and Joseph D. Darcy, University of California, Berkeley.
- Sandbox (computer security)
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Java
Development with Ant Erik Hatcher and Steve Loughran August
2002, 672 pages Check the availability and buy your books and software from our Bookshop. |
Client-side scripts
Tutorials
Readings
Client-side refers to operations that are performed by the client in a client–server relationship in a computer network.
Typically, a client is a computer application, such as a web browser, that runs on a user's local computer or workstation and connects to a server as necessary. Operations may be performed client-side because they require access to information or functionality that is available on the client but not on the server, because the user needs to observe them or provide input, or because the server lacks the processing power to perform the operations in a timely manner for all of the clients it serves. Additionally, if operations can be performed by the client, without sending data over the network, they may take less time, use less bandwidth, and incur a lesser security risk. When the server serves data in a commonly used manner, for example according to the HTTP or FTP protocols, users may have their choice of a number of client programs (most modern web browsers can request and receive data using both of those protocols). In the case of more specialized applications, programmers may write their own server, client, and communications protocol, that can only be used with one another. Programs that run on a user's local computer without ever sending or receiving data over a network are not considered clients, and so the operations of such programs would not be considered client-side operations. See also |
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Client-side scripting generally refers to the class of computer programs on the web that are executed client-side, by the user's web browser, instead of server-side (on the web server).[1] This type of computer programming is an important part of the Dynamic HTML (DHTML) concept, enabling web pages to be scripted; that is, to have different and changing content depending on user input, environmental conditions (such as the time of day), or other variables.
Web authors write client-side scripts in languages such as JavaScript (Client-side JavaScript) and VBScript.
See also
Server-side scripts
Tutorials
- Active Server Pages tutorial for beginners
- IBM WebSphere and VisualAge for Java Database Integration with DB2, Oracle, and SQL Server
Readings
Server-side refers to operations that are performed by the server in a client–server relationship in computer networking.
Typically, a server is a software program, such as a web server, that runs on a remote server, reachable from a user's local computer or workstation. Operations may be performed server-side because they require access to information or functionality that is not available on the client, or require typical behaviour that is unreliable when it is done client-side.
Server-side operations also include processing and storage of data from a client to a server, which can be viewed by a group of clients. Advantage: This lightens the work of your client.
Examples of server-side processing include the creation & adaptation of a database using MySQL
Server-side scripting is a web server technology in which a user's request is fulfilled by running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic web pages. It is usually used to provide interactive web sites that interface to databases or other data stores. This is different from client-side scripting where scripts are run by the viewing web browser, usually in JavaScript. The primary advantage to server-side scripting is the ability to highly customize the response based on the user's requirements, access rights, or queries into data stores.
When the server serves data in a commonly used manner, for example according to the HTTP or FTP protocols, users may have their choice of a number of client programs (most modern web browsers can request and receive data using both of those protocols). In the case of more specialized applications, programmers may write their own server, client, and communications protocol, that can only be used with one another.
Programs that run on a user's local computer without ever sending or receiving data over a network are not considered clients, and so the operations of such programs would not be considered client-side operations.
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CGI
Tutorials
- Beginner's Introduction to Perl
- Beginner's Guide to CGI Scripting with Perl
- Introduction to Perl 5 for web developers - Tutorials
- Web-Database Programming: CGI and Java Servlets
Readings
Computer-generated imagery (CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics (CG) or, more specifically, 3D computer graphics to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media. Video games usually use real-time computer graphics, but may also include pre-rendered "cut scenes" and intro movies and full motion videos that would be typical CGI applications.
CGI is used for visual effects because computer generated effects are more controllable than other more physically based processes, such as constructing miniatures for effects shots or hiring extras for crowd scenes, and because it allows the creation of images that would not be feasible using any other technology. It can also allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without the use of actors, expensive set pieces, or props.
3D computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for movies, etc. Recent availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed individual artists and small companies to produce professional grade films, games, and fine art from their home computers. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, and technical vocabulary.
Simulators, particularly flight simulators, and simulation generally, make extensive use of CGI techniques for representing the outside world.[1]
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A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation – a course page at Ohio State University that includes all the course materials and extensive supplementary materials (videos, articles, links). CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference ISBN# 073570046X Unique and personal histories of early computer graphics production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. F/X Gods, by Anne Thompson, Wired, February 2005. “History Gets A Computer Graphics Make-Over” Tayfun King, Click, BBC World News (2004-11-19) |
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CGI
Developer's Guide
By
Eugene Eric Kim Check the availability and buy your books and software from our Bookshop. |
Security
Tutorials
Readings
Computer security is a branch of computer technology known as information security as applied to computers and networks. The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or natural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users. The term computer system security means the collective processes and mechanisms by which sensitive and valuable information and services are protected from publication, tampering or collapse by unauthorized activities or untrustworthy individuals and unplanned events respectively. The strategies and methodologies of computer security often differ from most other computer technologies because of its somewhat elusive objective of preventing unwanted computer behavior instead of enabling wanted computer behavior.
- Enterprise security architecture
- Security by design
- Security architecture
- Hardware mechanisms that protect computers and data
- Secure operating systems
- Secure coding
- Capabilities and access control lists
- Applications
- Cloud computing Security
- Computer security policy
- Terminology
- Notes
E-commerce Issues
Tutorials
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Readings
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, or e-business consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the seller's computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service. The sale and purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as Amazon.com for new books. If an intermediary is present, then the sale and purchase transaction is called electronic commerce such as eBay.com.
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
- List of Open Source eCommerce Software
- Dot-com company
- E-government
- E-business
- Electronic money
- Internet business
- Mobile commerce
- Paid content
- Social commerce
- Online shopping
- Online marketplace
- B2B e-Marketplace
- Comparison of shopping cart software
- Non-Store Retailing
- Internet Economy
- Digital economy
- Virtual economy
- Multichannel ecommerce
- Notes
- References
Five E-Commerce Trends To Watch The 10 Point Checklist for IP Issues Related E-Commerce Evaluating 25 E-Commerce Search Engines
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Shopping cart software is software used in e-commerce to assist people making purchases online, analogous to the American English term 'shopping cart'. In British English it is generally known as a shopping basket, almost exclusively shortened on websites to 'basket'.
The software allows online shopping customers to accumulate a list of items for purchase, described metaphorically as "placing items in the shopping cart". Upon checkout, the software typically calculates a total for the order, including shipping and handling (i.e. postage and packing) charges and the associated taxes, as applicable.
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Intranet design
Tutorials
- Introduction to Intranet Technologies and Products
- Intranet Organization: Strategies for managing change
- Intranet Boundaries: Social Actors and Systems Integration
- Intranet Tools
Readings
An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information or network operating system within that organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration.
- Enterprise portal
- Intranet portal
- Intranet strategies
- Intraweb
- Local area network
- Wide area network
- Web portal
- Kwangmyong (intranet)
- References
Current issues
Readings
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are having to adapt to Web sites and blogging. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s with both private and United States military research into robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by then an international network in the mid 1990s resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population used the services of the Internet.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.
- All pages with titles containing "Internet"
- Internet organizations
- Internet Strategy Forum
- List of Internet topics
- Network Neutrality
- Outline of the Internet
- Notes
- References
- The Internet (National Science Foundation)
- "10 Years that changed the world" — Wired looks back at the evolution of the Internet over last 10 years
- Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard
- CBC Digital Archives—Inventing the Internet Age
- History of the Internet
- How the Internet Came to Be
- The Internet Society History Page
- RFC 801, planning the TCP/IP switchover
- Preparing Europe’s digital future - i2010 Mid-Term Review
- Manjoo, Farhad - The Unrecognizable Internet of 1996 - Slate
Recommended Texts
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HTML:
Comprehensive Concepts and Techniques
Shelly, Cashman, Woods, Dorin Check
the availability and buy your books and software from our Bookshop. |
Resources
Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMZN) is an American e-commerce company based in Seattle, Washington. It was one of the first major companies to sell goods over the Internet and was one of the iconic stocks of the late 1990s dot-com bubble. After the bubble burst Amazon faced skepticism about its business model, but it made its first annual profit in 2003.
Founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, and launched in 1995, Amazon.com began as an online bookstore, though it soon diversified its product lines, adding DVDs, music CDs, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys and more.
Amazon has established separate websites in Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, France, China, and Japan. It ships globally on selected products.
- History and business model
- Merchant partnerships
- Locations
- Product lines
- Website
- Acquisitions and spinoffs
- Noteworthy events
- Innovations
- Controversies
- Trivia
- Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN)
- Kimba Kano: Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox add-on, which adds built-in Amazon.com searching (formerly known as Coeus).
- Statistically Improbable Phrases: Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books.
- References
- Further reading
- Amazon.com
- International Amazon Sites
- Amazon.com press information
- Amazon.com investor relations
- Amazon.com's Editors' Picks: Music 2004, 2005, Books 2004, 2005
| Amazon.com |
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|---|---|
| People | Jeff Bezos • Rick Dalzell • Brian Valentine • Werner Vogels |
| Websites | A9.com • Alexa Internet • Amapedia • Amazon Daily • Askville • CDNOW • Internet Movie Database • Joyo.com • Mobipocket |
| Web Services | Alexa Web Services • Amazon E-Commerce Service • Amazon EC2 • Amazon Marketplace • Amazon Mechanical Turk • Amazon S3 • Amazon Simple Queue Service |
| Other | Amazon Fishbowl • Amazon Standard Identification Number • Amazon Unbox • Statistically Improbable Phrases |
Annual
Revenue:  $10.71
billion USD (2006) • Employees: 13,900 (2006) • Stock
Symbol: NASDAQ AMZN |
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Vertically Integrated Computer Manufacturers: Apple - Fujitsu - HP - IBM - NEC - Sun
Conglomerate: Hitachi - LG Electronics - Matsushita - NCR - Philips - Samsung Electronics - Siemens - Sony - Toshiba - Thomson
Software: Adobe - CA - Electronic Arts - Intuit - McAfee - Microsoft - Novell - Oracle - Red Hat - SAP - Symantec
Dot-com/web services: Amazon - AOL - eBay - Google - Yahoo!
Computer hardware: Acer - ASUS - Dell - Fujitsu Siemens - Gateway - Lenovo - Quanta
Computer Network/Telecommunications: Alcatel-Lucent - Avaya - Cisco - Ericsson - Huawei - Juniper - Nortel - ZTE
Computer Storage: EMC - Maxtor - NetApp - Seagate - Western Digital
Cellular Network: Motorola - Nokia - Palm - RIM - Qualcomm
Semiconductors: AMD - Broadcom - Fairchild Semiconductor- Freescale - Hynix - Infineon - Intel - Micron - National - NVIDIA - NXP - Qimonda - Renesas - STMicroelectronics - TI - TSMC - VIA
Electronic Manufacturing/Repairing Services: Celestica - Elcoteq - Flextronics - Foxconn - Jabil - Kimball Electronics - Plexus - Quanta Computers - Sanmina-SCI - SMTC Corporation - Solectron - Ultraflex International